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C++ Programming Code Examples

C++ > Beginners Lab Assignments Code Examples

Program to Find the Mode in a Data Set

/* Program to Find the Mode in a Data Set - The mode is the maximum of the count of occurrence of the different data element. - This algorithm is beneficial for a large dataset with high repetition frequency. - The worst case time complexity of this algorithm is O(n^2). - This algorithm inserts the distinct data into linked list in a sorted manner. - Instead of inserting same data twice it records the occurrence of each data element. - The maximum occurred among these is the Mode. - Exit. */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; // A structure to represent a node. struct list { int data; int count; list *next; }; // Function to insert data into linked list. list* insertinlist(list *head, int n) { // Creating newnode and temp node. list *newnode = new list; list *temp = new list; // Using newnode as the node to be inserted in the list. newnode->data = n; newnode->count = 0; newnode->next = NULL; // If head is null then assign new node to head and increase the count. if(head == NULL) { head = newnode; head->count++; return head; } else { temp = head; // If newnode->data is lesser than head->data, then insert newnode before head and increase the count. if(newnode->data < head->data) { newnode->next = head; head = newnode; newnode->count++; return head; } // If newnode->data is equal to the head data then increase count of the head node. else if(newnode->data == head->data) { head->count++; return head; } // Traverse the list till we get value more than or equal to the newnode->data. while(temp->next != NULL) { // If equals to any of the data present in the list then increse the counter and return. if(newnode->data == (temp->next)->data) { (temp->next)->count++; return head; } if(newnode->data < (temp->next)->data) break; temp=temp->next; } // Insert newnode after temp. newnode->next = temp->next; temp->next = newnode; // Increase the counter. newnode->count++; return head; } } int main() { int n, i, num, max = 0, c; // Declaring head of the linked list. list *head = new list; head = NULL; cout<<"\nEnter the number of data element to be sorted: "; cin>>n; for(i = 0; i < n; i++) { cout<<"Enter element "<<i+1<<": "; cin>>num; // Inserting num in the list. head = insertinlist(head, num); } // Printing the sorted data. cout<<"\nSorted Distinct Data "; while(head != NULL) { if(max < head->count) { c = head->data; max = head->count; } cout<<"->"<<head->data<<"("<<head->count<<")"; head = head->next; } cout<<"\nThe Mode of given data is "<<c<<" and occurred "<<max<<" times."; return 0; }

In computer programming, we use the if statement to run a block code only when a certain condition is met. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. There are three forms of if...else statements in C++: • if statement, • if...else statement, • if...else if...else statement, The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ). If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is executed. If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is skipped.

Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, jhon, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in different area or their mother's or father's name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.

In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true then the statements inside while loop execute, this happens repeatedly until the condition returns false. When condition returns false, the control comes out of loop and jumps to the next statement in the program after while loop. The important point to note when using while loop is that we need to use increment or decrement statement inside while loop so that the loop variable gets changed on each iteration, and at some point condition returns false. This way we can end the execution of while loop otherwise the loop would execute indefinitely. A while loop that never stops is said to be the infinite while loop, when we give the condition in such a way so that it never returns false, then the loops becomes infinite and repeats itself indefinitely.

The cin object is used to accept input from the standard input device i.e. keyboard. It is defined in the iostream header file. C++ cin statement is the instance of the class istream and is used to read input from the standard input device which is usually a keyboard. The extraction operator(>>) is used along with the object cin for reading inputs. The extraction operator extracts the data from the object cin which is entered using the keyboard. The "c" in cin refers to "character" and "in" means "input". Hence cin means "character input". The cin object is used along with the extraction operator >> in order to receive a stream of characters.

A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.

In C++, classes and structs are blueprints that are used to create the instance of a class. Structs are used for lightweight objects such as Rectangle, color, Point, etc. Unlike class, structs in C++ are value type than reference type. It is useful if you have data that is not intended to be modified after creation of struct. C++ Structure is a collection of different data types. It is similar to the class that holds different types of data. A structure is declared by preceding the struct keyword followed by the identifier(structure name). Inside the curly braces, we can declare the member variables of different types.

Break statement in C++ is a loop control statement defined using the break keyword. It is used to stop the current execution and proceed with the next one. When a compiler calls the break statement, it immediately stops the execution of the loop and transfers the control outside the loop and executes the other statements. In the case of a nested loop, break the statement stops the execution of the inner loop and proceeds with the outer loop. The statement itself says it breaks the loop. When the break statement is called in the program, it immediately terminates the loop and transfers the flow control to the statement mentioned outside the loop.

The if...else statement executes two different codes depending upon whether the test expression is true or false. Sometimes, a choice has to be made from more than 2 possibilities. The if...else ladder allows you to check between multiple test expressions and execute different statements. In C/C++ if-else-if ladder helps user decide from among multiple options. The C/C++ if statements are executed from the top down. As soon as one of the conditions controlling the if is true, the statement associated with that if is executed, and the rest of the C else-if ladder is bypassed. If none of the conditions is true, then the final else statement will be executed.

In computer programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code. For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100 you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100 times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration. When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop. A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

Allocate storage space. Default allocation functions (single-object form). A new operator is used to create the object while a delete operator is used to delete the object. When the object is created by using the new operator, then the object will exist until we explicitly use the delete operator to delete the object. Therefore, we can say that the lifetime of the object is not related to the block structure of the program.

The cout is a predefined object of ostream class. It is connected with the standard output device, which is usually a display screen. The cout is used in conjunction with stream insertion operator (<<) to display the output on a console. On most program environments, the standard output by default is the screen, and the C++ stream object defined to access it is cout. The "c" in cout refers to "character" and "out" means "output". Hence cout means "character output". The cout object is used along with the insertion operator << in order to display a stream of characters.

#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.




Insert x into the tree; duplicates are ignored. Remove x from the tree. Nothing is done if x is not found. Find the "smallest item" in the tree. Find the "largest item" in the tree. Find



CGI stands for common gateway interface is set of standards that define how information is exchanged from a 'webserver', passing the web user's request to an application program