C++ Programming Code Examples
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Another example of a conversion function
/* Another example of a conversion function */
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Power {
double b;
int e;
double val;
public:
Power(double base, int exp);
Power operator+(Power o) {
double base;
int exp;
base = b + o.b;
exp = e + o.e;
Power temp(base, exp);
return temp;
}
operator double() { return val; } // convert to double
};
Power::Power(double base, int exp)
{
b = base;
e = exp;
val = 1;
if(exp==0)
return;
for( ; exp>0; exp--)
val = val * b;
}
int main()
{
Power x(4.0, 2);
double a;
a = x; // convert to double
cout << x + 100.2; // convert x to double and add 100.2
cout << "\n";
Power y(3.3, 3), z(0, 0);
z = x + y; // no conversion
a = z; // convert to double
cout << a;
return 0;
}
The function in C++ language is also known as procedure or subroutine in other programming languages. To perform any task, we can create function. A function can be called many times. It provides modularity and code reusability. Functions are used to provide modularity to a program. Creating an application using function makes it easier to understand, edit, check... Function declaration, is done to tell the compiler about the existence of the function. Function's return type, its name & parameter list is mentioned. Function body is written in its definition. Functions are called by their names. If the function is without argument, it can be called directly using its name. But for functions with arguments, we have two ways to call them:
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Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, jhon, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in different area or their mother's or father's name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.
A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.
In computer programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code. For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100 you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100 times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration. When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop. A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.
In C++, constructor is a special method which is invoked automatically at the time of object creation. It is used to initialize the data members of new object generally. The constructor in C++ has the same name as class or structure. Constructors are special class functions which performs initialization of every object. The Compiler calls the Constructor whenever an object is created. Constructors initialize values to object members after storage is allocated to the object. Whereas, Destructor on the other hand is used to destroy the class object. • Default Constructor: A constructor which has no argument is known as default constructor. It is invoked at the time of creating object.
In this, Merge rhs into the priority queue. rhs becomes empty. rhs must be different from this and Internal method to merge two roots. Deals with "deviant cases" and calls recursive
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