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Using Custom Definitions of the Minimum and Maximum

/* Using Custom Definitions of the Minimum and Maximum */ #include <numeric> #include <vector> #include <iostream> using namespace std; bool norm_less_than( const vector<double>& a,const vector<double>& b ); int main( ) { const double data1[] = { 1.77, 3.33, -0.44 }; const double data2[] = { -1.99, -2.11, 4.33 }; vector<double> v1( data1, data1+sizeof( data1 )/sizeof( double ) ); vector<double> v2( data2, data2+sizeof( data2 )/sizeof( double ) ); const vector<double>& min_vector = min( v1, v2, norm_less_than ); const vector<double>& max_vector = max( v1, v2, norm_less_than ); } // returns true if the norm of a is < norm of b, false otherwise inline bool norm_less_than( const vector<double>& a,const vector<double>& b ) { return inner_product( a.begin(), a.end(), a.begin(), 0.0 ) < inner_product( b.begin(), b.end(), b.begin(), 0.0 ); }

Compute cumulative inner product of range. Returns the result of accumulating init with the inner products of the pairs formed by the elements of two ranges starting at first1 and first2. The two default operations (to add up the result of multiplying the pairs) may be overridden by the arguments binary_op1 and binary_op2. Neither operations shall modify any of the elements passed as its arguments. Function returns the result of accumulating init and the products of all the pairs of elements in the ranges starting at first1 and first2.

Inline function is one of the important feature of C++. So, let's first understand why inline functions are used and what is the purpose of inline function? When the program executes the function call instruction the CPU stores the memory address of the instruction following the function call, copies the arguments of the function on the stack and finally transfers control to the specified function. The CPU then executes the function code, stores the function return value in a predefined memory location/register and returns control to the calling function. This can become overhead if the execution time of function is less than the switching time from the caller function to called function (callee). For functions that are large and/or perform complex tasks, the overhead of the function call is usually insignificant compared to the amount of time the function takes to run. However, for small, commonly-used functions, the time needed to make the function call is often a lot more than the time needed to actually

The sizeof() is an operator that evaluates the size of data type, constants, variable. It is a compile-time operator as it returns the size of any variable or a constant at the compilation time. The size, which is calculated by the sizeof() operator, is the amount of RAM occupied in the computer. The sizeof is a keyword, but it is a compile-time operator that determines the size, in bytes, of a variable or data type. The sizeof operator can be used to get the size of classes, structures, unions and any other user defined data type. The data_type can be the data type of the data, variables, constants, unions, structures, or any other user-defined data type.

Return iterator to beginning. Returns an iterator pointing to the first element in the vector. Notice that, unlike member vector::front, which returns a reference to the first element, this function returns a random access iterator pointing to it. If the container is empty, the returned iterator value shall not be dereferenced. The C++ function std::vector::begin() returns a random access iterator pointing to the first element of the vector. This function does not accept any parameter.

#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.

Return the smallest. Returns the smallest of a and b. If both are equivalent, a is returned. min() function is a library function of algorithm header, it is used to find the smallest value from given two values, it accepts two values and returns the smallest value and if both the values are the same it returns the first value. The versions for initializer lists (3) return the smallest of all the elements in the list. Returning the first of them if these are more than one. The function uses operator< (or comp, if provided) to compare the values.

Return iterator to end. Returns an iterator referring to the past-the-end element in the vector container. The past-the-end element is the theoretical element that would follow the last element in the vector. It does not point to any element, and thus shall not be dereferenced. Because the ranges used by functions of the standard library do not include the element pointed by their closing iterator, this function is often used in combination with vector::begin to specify a range including all the elements in the container. If the container is empty, this function returns the same as vector::begin. This function does not accept any parameter.

A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.

Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, jhon, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in different area or their mother's or father's name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.

In C++, vectors are used to store elements of similar data types. However, unlike arrays, the size of a vector can grow dynamically. That is, we can change the size of the vector during the execution of a program as per our requirements. Vectors are part of the C++ Standard Template Library. To use vectors, we need to include the vector header file in our program. The vector class provides various methods to perform different operations on vectors. Add Elements to a Vector: To add a single element into a vector, we use the push_back() function. It inserts an element into the end of the vector. Access Elements of a Vector: In C++, we use the index number to access the vector elements. Here, we use the at() function to access the element from the specified index.

Check whether eofbit is set. Returns true if the eofbit error state flag is set for the stream. This flag is set by all standard input operations when the End-of-File is reached in the sequence associated with the stream. Note that the value returned by this function depends on the last operation performed on the stream (and not on the next). Operations that attempt to read at the End-of-File fail, and thus both the eofbit and the failbit end up set. This function can be used to check whether the failure is due to reaching the End-of-File or to some other reason.




C++ sample made for both i.e., to shutdown your computer or to 'restart your computer', first it will ask to the user want to shutdown computer or want to restart computer. Then







The "positive numbers" 1, 2, 3... are known as natural numbers. The program below takes a 'positive integer' from the user and calculates the sum up to the given number. You can find