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Word count for input file: file read with ifstream

/* Word count for input file: file read with ifstream */ #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <cctype> using namespace std; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { if(argc!=2) { cout << "Usage: COUNT <input>\n"; return 1; } ifstream in(argv[1]); if(!in) { cout << "Cannot open input file.\n"; return 1; } int count=0; char ch; in >> ch; // find first non-space char // after first non-space found, do not skip spaces in.unsetf(ios::skipws); while(!in.eof()) { in >> ch; if(isspace(ch)) { count++; while(isspace(ch) && !in.eof()) in >> ch; // find next word } } cout << "Word count: " << count << '\n'; in.close(); return 0; }

Logical Operators are used to compare and connect two or more expressions or variables, such that the value of the expression is completely dependent on the original expression or value or variable. We use logical operators to check whether an expression is true or false. If the expression is true, it returns 1 whereas if the expression is false, it returns 0. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0:

In computer programming, we use the if statement to run a block code only when a certain condition is met. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. There are three forms of if...else statements in C++: • if statement, • if...else statement, • if...else if...else statement, The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ). If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is executed. If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is skipped.

A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.

In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true then the statements inside while loop execute, this happens repeatedly until the condition returns false. When condition returns false, the control comes out of loop and jumps to the next statement in the program after while loop. The important point to note when using while loop is that we need to use increment or decrement statement inside while loop so that the loop variable gets changed on each iteration, and at some point condition returns false. This way we can end the execution of while loop otherwise the loop would execute indefinitely. A while loop that never stops is said to be the infinite while loop, when we give the condition in such a way so that it never returns false, then the loops becomes infinite and repeats itself indefinitely.

Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, jhon, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in different area or their mother's or father's name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.

Check whether eofbit is set. Returns true if the eofbit error state flag is set for the stream. This flag is set by all standard input operations when the End-of-File is reached in the sequence associated with the stream. Note that the value returned by this function depends on the last operation performed on the stream (and not on the next). Operations that attempt to read at the End-of-File fail, and thus both the eofbit and the failbit end up set. This function can be used to check whether the failure is due to reaching the End-of-File or to some other reason.

C supports nesting of loops in C. Nesting of loops is the feature in C that allows the looping of statements inside another loop. Any number of loops can be defined inside another loop, i.e., there is no restriction for defining any number of loops. The nesting level can be defined at n times. You can define any type of loop inside another loop; for example, you can define 'while' loop inside a 'for' loop. A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop. The depth of nested loop depends on the complexity of a problem. We can have any number of nested loops as required. Consider a nested loop where the outer loop runs n times and consists of another loop inside it. The inner loop runs m times. Then, the total number of times the inner loop runs during the program execution is n*m.

Checks whether c is a white-space character. In C++, isspace is a predefined function used for string and character handling. cstring is the header file required for string functions and cctype is the headerfile required for character functions. isspace() function is used to check whether the argument contains white-space characters like space, horizontal, vertical tab, formfeed, carriage return or a newline. It returns zero if these white-spaces are not found. Function returns a value different from zero (i.e., true) if indeed c is a white-space character. Zero (i.e., false) otherwise.

Clear specific format flags. Clears the format flags selected in mask. Function unsets the formatting flags identified by flags. The parameterized manipulator resetiosflags behaves in a similar way as this member function. This function does not return any value.

Set specific format flags. The function setf() sets the io stream format flags of the current stream to fmtfl. The optional mask argument specifies that only the flags that are in both fmtfl and mask should be set. The return value is the previous configuration of io stream format flags. Member type fmtflags is a bitmask type (see ios_base::fmtflags). Function returns the format flags selected in the stream before the call. The first form (1) sets the stream's format flags whose bits are set in fmtfl, leaving unchanged the rest, as if a call to flags(fmtfl|flags()).

#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.

In C++ programming we are using the iostream standard library, it provides cin and cout methods for reading from input and writing to output respectively. To read and write from a file we are using the standard C++ library called fstream. Let us see the data types define in fstream library is: • ofstream: This data type represents the output file stream and is used to create files and to write information to files. • ifstream: This data type represents the input file stream and is used to read information from files. • fstream: This data type represents the file stream generally, and has the capabilities of both ofstream and ifstream which means it can create files, write information to files, and read information from files.

To 'print smiling face' in C++, first you have to ask how many smiling face user want to print on screen to print required number of smiling face on the screen. So to print smiling face on

Program demonstrates the implementation of "Extended Eucledian" Algorithm. For the 'Modular Multiplicative Inverse' to exist, the number & modular must be coprime. Return





Inserting element into the "deque". Deleting element from the deque. "Insert" element in "doubly ended queue". Enter the value to be inserted. Element inserted into empty deque.




To convert temperature from "Fahrenheit" to centigrade in C++, enter the "temperature" in Fahrenheit to convert it to centigrade to print equivalent temperature value in "centigrade"