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Illustrating the generic prev_permutation algorithms
/* Illustrating the generic prev_permutation algorithms */
#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> vector1(3);
for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
vector1[i] = i;
// In lexicographical order the permutations of 0 1 2 are
// 0 1 2, 0 2 1, 1 0 2, 1 2 0, 2 0 1, 2 1 0.
// Show that from 0 1 2 next_permutation produces 0 2 1:
next_permutation(vector1.begin(), vector1.end());
cout << vector1[0] << " ";
cout << vector1[1] << " ";
cout << vector1[2] << " ";
cout << "\n\n\n\n\n\n";
// Show that from 0 2 1 prev_permutation() produces 0 1 2:
prev_permutation(vector1.begin(), vector1.end());
cout << vector1[0] << " ";
cout << vector1[1] << " ";
cout << vector1[2] << " ";
return 0;
}
/*
0 2 1
0 1 2
*/
In C++, vectors are used to store elements of similar data types. However, unlike arrays, the size of a vector can grow dynamically. That is, we can change the size of the vector during the execution of a program as per our requirements. Vectors are part of the C++ Standard Template Library. To use vectors, we need to include the vector header file in our program. The vector class provides various methods to perform different operations on vectors. Add Elements to a Vector: To add a single element into a vector, we use the push_back() function. It inserts an element into the end of the vector. Access Elements of a Vector: In C++, we use the index number to access the vector elements. Here, we use the at() function to access the element from the specified index.
Transform range to next permutation. Rearranges the elements in the range [first,last) into the next lexicographically greater permutation. A permutation is each one of the N! possible arrangements the elements can take (where N is the number of elements in the range). Different permutations can be ordered according to how they compare lexicographicaly to each other; The first such-sorted possible permutation (the one that would compare lexicographically smaller to all other permutations) is the one which has all its elements sorted in ascending order, and the largest has all its elements sorted in descending order. The comparisons of individual elements are performed using either operator< for the first version, or comp for the second.
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Access element. Returns a reference to the element at position n in the vector container. A similar member function, vector::at, has the same behavior as this operator function, except that vector::at is bound-checked and signals if the requested position is out of range by throwing an out_of_range exception. Portable programs should never call this function with an argument n that is out of range, since this causes undefined behavior. Function returns the element at the specified position in the vector.
Return iterator to beginning. Returns an iterator pointing to the first element in the vector. Notice that, unlike member vector::front, which returns a reference to the first element, this function returns a random access iterator pointing to it. If the container is empty, the returned iterator value shall not be dereferenced. The C++ function std::vector::begin() returns a random access iterator pointing to the first element of the vector. This function does not accept any parameter.
Transform range to previous permutation. Rearranges the elements in the range [first,last) into the previous lexicographically-ordered permutation. C++ Algorithm prev_permutation() function is used to reorder the elements in the range [first, last) into the previous lexicographically ordered permutation. A permutation is each one of the N! possible arrangements the elements can take (where N is the number of elements in the range). Different permutations can be ordered according to how they compare lexicographicaly to each other; The first such-sorted possible permutation (the one that would compare lexicographically smaller to all other permutations) is the one which has all its elements sorted in ascending order, and the largest has all its elements sorted in descending order.
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.
Return iterator to end. Returns an iterator referring to the past-the-end element in the vector container. The past-the-end element is the theoretical element that would follow the last element in the vector. It does not point to any element, and thus shall not be dereferenced. Because the ranges used by functions of the standard library do not include the element pointed by their closing iterator, this function is often used in combination with vector::begin to specify a range including all the elements in the container. If the container is empty, this function returns the same as vector::begin. This function does not accept any parameter.
In computer programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code. For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100 you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100 times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration. When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop. A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.
A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.
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