C++ Programming Code Examples
C++ > Computer Graphics Code Examples
Analog Clock Program
/* Analog Clock Program */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x=320,y=240,r=200,i,h,m,s,thetamin,thetasec;
struct time t;
char n[12][3]={"3","2","1","12","11","10","9","8","7","6","5","4"};
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"f:\arun\tc");\put the directory which contains
egavga.bgi
circle(x,y,210);
setcolor(4);
settextstyle(4,0,5);
for(i=0;i<12;i++)
{
if(i!=3)
outtextxy(x+(r-14)*cos(M_PI/6*i)-10,y-(r-14)*sin(M_PI/6*i)-26,n[i]);
else
outtextxy(x+(r-14)*cos(M_PI/6*i)-20,y-(r-14)*sin(M_PI/6*i)-26,n[i]);
}
gettime(&t);
printf("The current time is: %2d:%02d:%02d.%02d
",t.ti_hour, t.ti_min,
t.ti_sec, t.ti_hund);
while(!kbhit())
{
setcolor(5);
setfillstyle(1,5);
circle(x,y,10);
floodfill(x,y,5);
gettime(&t);
if(t.ti_min!=m)
{
setcolor(0);
line(x,y,x+(r-60)*cos(thetamin*(M_PI/180)),y-(r-60)*sin(thetamin*(M_PI/180
)));
circle(x+(r-80)*cos(thetamin*(M_PI/180)),y-(r-80)*sin(thetamin*(M_PI/180))
,10);
line(x,y,x+(r-110)*cos(M_PI/6*h-((m/2)*(M_PI/180))),y-(r-110)*sin(M_PI/6*h
-((m/2)*(M_PI/180))));
circle(x+(r-130)*cos(M_PI/6*h-((m/2)*(M_PI/180))),y-(r-130)*sin(M_PI/6*h-(
(m/2)*(M_PI/180))),10);
}
if(t.ti_hour>12)
t.ti_hour=t.ti_hour-12;
if(t.ti_hour<4)
h=abs(t.ti_hour-3);
else
h=15-t.ti_hour;
m=t.ti_min;
if(t.ti_min<=15)
thetamin=(15-t.ti_min)*6;
else
thetamin=450-t.ti_min*6;
if(t.ti_sec<=15)
thetasec=(15-t.ti_sec)*6;
else
thetasec=450-t.ti_sec*6;
setcolor(4);
line(x,y,x+(r-110)*cos(M_PI/6*h-((m/2)*(M_PI/180))),y-(r-110)*sin(M_PI/6*h
-((m/2)*(M_PI/180))));
circle(x+(r-130)*cos(M_PI/6*h-((m/2)*(M_PI/180))),y-(r-130)*sin(M_PI/6*h-(
(m/2)*(M_PI/180))),10);
line(x,y,x+(r-60)*cos(thetamin*(M_PI/180)),y-(r-60)*sin(thetamin*(M_PI/180
)));
circle(x+(r-80)*cos(thetamin*(M_PI/180)),y-(r-80)*sin(thetamin*(M_PI/180))
,10);
setcolor(15);
line(x,y,x+(r-70)*cos(thetasec*(M_PI/180)),y-(r-70)*sin(thetasec*(M_PI/180
)));
delay(1000);
setcolor(0);
line(x,y,x+(r-70)*cos(thetasec*(M_PI/180)),y-(r-70)*sin(thetasec*(M_PI/180
)));
}
}
In C++, classes and structs are blueprints that are used to create the instance of a class. Structs are used for lightweight objects such as Rectangle, color, Point, etc. Unlike class, structs in C++ are value type than reference type. It is useful if you have data that is not intended to be modified after creation of struct. C++ Structure is a collection of different data types. It is similar to the class that holds different types of data. A structure is declared by preceding the struct keyword followed by the identifier(structure name). Inside the curly braces, we can declare the member variables of different types.
Compute cosine. Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians. cos() function is a library function of cmath header, it is used to find the cosine of the given number (angle), it accepts a number (x) and returns the cosine of angle x radians. In trigonometry, the cos function of a right-angled triangle is defined as the length of the adjacent side over the longest side, i.e., the hypotenuse. The cos function in C++ works precisely like the cosine function in trigonometry. The return value of the cos function is the cosine of an angle given in radian. Function returns cosine of x radians.
This library function is declared in graphics.h and used to draw a circle; it takes centre point coordinates and radius. Circle function is used to draw a circle with center (x,y) and third parameter specifies the radius of the circle. The code given below draws a circle. Where, (x, y) is center of the circle. 'radius' is the Radius of the circle.
outtextxy displays a text string in the viewport at the given position (x, y), using the current justification settings and the current font, direction, and size. To maintain code compatibility when using several fonts, use textwidth and textheight to determine the dimensions of the string. If a string is printed with the default font using outtext or outtextxy, any part of the string that extends outside the current viewport is truncated. outtextxy is for use in graphics mode; it will not work in text mode.
A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.
Compute sine. Returns the sine of an angle of x radians. sin() function is a library function of cmath header, it is used to find the sine of the given number (angle), it accepts a number (x) and returns the sine of angle x radians. Additional overloads are provided in this header (<cmath>) for the integral types: These overloads effectively cast x to a double before calculations (defined for T being any integral type). This function is also overloaded in <complex> and <valarray> (see complex sin and valarray sin).
In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true then the statements inside while loop execute, this happens repeatedly until the condition returns false. When condition returns false, the control comes out of loop and jumps to the next statement in the program after while loop. The important point to note when using while loop is that we need to use increment or decrement statement inside while loop so that the loop variable gets changed on each iteration, and at some point condition returns false. This way we can end the execution of while loop otherwise the loop would execute indefinitely. A while loop that never stops is said to be the infinite while loop, when we give the condition in such a way so that it never returns false, then the loops becomes infinite and repeats itself indefinitely.
The header file graphics.h contains line() function which is used to draw a line from a point(x1, y1) to point(x2, y2) i.e. (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are end points of the line. The function line() draws a line on the graphics screen between two specified points. So this function requires four parameters namely x1, y1, x2, and y2 to represent two points. This function draws a line from (x1, y1) coordinates to (x2, y2) coordinates on the graphics screen.
floodfill function is used to fill an enclosed area. Current fill pattern and fill color is used to fill the area.(x, y) is any point on the screen if (x,y) lies inside the area then inside will be filled otherwise outside will be filled, border specifies the color of boundary of area. To change fill pattern and fill color use setfillstyle.
The header file graphics.h contains setfillstyle() function which sets the current fill pattern and fill color. Current fill pattern and fill color is used to fill the area. setfillstyle sets the current fill pattern and fill color. To set a user-defined fill pattern, do not give a pattern of 12 (USER_FILL) to setfillstyle; instead, call setfillpattern.
Absolute value. Returns the absolute value of parameter n ( /n/ ). In C++, this function is also overloaded in header <cmath> for floating-point types (see cmath abs), in header <complex> for complex numbers (see complex abs), and in header <valarray> for valarrays (see valarray abs). Basically the abs function evaluates the absolute value of the given value i.e. value after removing all the signs of negative and positive from the number. Which means it will always return a positive number. Function returns the absolute value of n. abs() function - In C the input is of type 'int' whereas in C++ input is of type 'int, long int or long long int'. In C the output is of 'int' type and in C++ the output has the same data type as input.
An array is a collection of data items, all of the same type, accessed using a common name. A one-dimensional array is like a list; A two dimensional array is like a table; The C++ language places no limits on the number of dimensions in an array, though specific implementations may. Some texts refer to one-dimensional arrays as vectors, two-dimensional arrays as matrices, and use the general term arrays when the number of dimensions is unspecified or unimportant. (2D) array in C++ programming is also known as matrix. A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and columns. In C/C++, we can define multi dimensional arrays in simple words as array of arrays. Data in multi dimensional arrays are stored in tabular form (in row major order).
the gettime() function is used to find current system time. We pass address of a structure varibale of type ( struct time ). gettime() function asks for a time object to be passed and then uses that object to get the current hour and minute etc. The gettime() function fills in the fields of the time structure pointed to by the t parameter. The current system time data is written in DOS format.
In computer programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code. For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100 you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100 times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration. When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop. A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.
To create a program in Graphics Mode, the first step would be to include the header file graphics.h. This file is required for Graphics programming. After this, the graphics have to be initialized. C Language supports 16 Bit's MS-DOS environment. Initializing the Graphics mode is to call various functions, one such is called initgraph. initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk (or validating a registered driver), and putting the system into graphics mode. To start the graphics system, first call the initgraph function. initgraph loads the graphics driver and puts the system into graphics mode. You can tell initgraph to use a particular graphics driver and mode, or to autodetect the attached video adapter at run time and pick the corresponding driver. If you tell initgraph to autodetect, it calls detectgraph to select a graphics driver and mode. initgraph also resets all graphics settings to their defaults (current position, palette, color, viewport, and so on)
In computer programming, we use the if statement to run a block code only when a certain condition is met. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. There are three forms of if...else statements in C++: • if statement, • if...else statement, • if...else if...else statement, The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ). If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is executed. If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is skipped.
The kbhit is basically the Keyboard Hit. This function is present at conio.h header file. So for using this, we have to include this header file into our code. The functionality of kbhit() is that, when a key is pressed it returns nonzero value, otherwise returns zero. kbhit() is used to determine if a key has been pressed or not. If a key has been pressed then it returns a non zero value otherwise returns zero.
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.
setcolor() function is used to set the foreground color in graphics mode. After resetting the foreground color you will get the text or any other shape which you want to draw in that color. setcolor sets the current drawing color to color, which can range from 0 to getmaxcolor. The current drawing color is the value to which pixels are set when lines, and so on are drawn. The drawing colors shown below are available for the CGA and EGA, respectively.
delay() function is used to hold the program's execution for given number of milliseconds, it is declared in dos.h header file. There can be many instances when we need to create a delay in our programs. C++ provides us with an easy way to do so. We can use a delay() function for this purpose in our code. We can run the code after a specific time in C++ using delay() function.
Settextstyle function is used to change the way in which text appears, using it we can modify the size of text, change direction of text and change the font of text. settextstyle sets the text font, the direction in which text is displayed, and the size of the characters. A call to settextstyle affects all text output by outtext and outtextxy.
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