C++ Programming Code Examples
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C++ Program to Implement Gift Wrapping Algorithm in Two Dimensions
/* C++ Program to Implement Gift Wrapping Algorithm in Two Dimensions
This is a C++ Program to implement Gift Wrapping algorithm to find convex hull in two dimensional space. In computational geometry, the gift wrapping algorithm is an algorithm for computing the convex hull of a given set of points. In the two-dimensional case the algorithm is also known as Jarvis march, after R. A. Jarvis, who published it in 1973; it has O(nh) time complexity, where n is the number of points and h is the number of points on the convex hull. Its real-life performance compared with other convex hull algorithms is favorable when n is small or h is expected to be very small with respect to n. In general cases the algorithm is outperformed by many others. */
// A C++ program to find convex hull of a set of points for explanation of orientation()
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Define Infinite (Using INT_MAX caused overflow problems)
#define INF 10000
struct Point
{
int x;
int y;
};
// To find orientation of ordered triplet (p, q, r).
// The function returns following values
// 0 --> p, q and r are colinear
// 1 --> Clockwise
// 2 --> Counterclockwise
int orientation(Point p, Point q, Point r)
{
int val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) - (q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y);
if (val == 0)
return 0; // colinear
return (val > 0) ? 1 : 2; // clock or counterclock wise
}
// Prints convex hull of a set of n points.
void convexHull(Point points[], int n)
{
// There must be at least 3 points
if (n < 3)
return;
// Initialize Result
int next[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
next[i] = -1;
// Find the leftmost point
int l = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (points[i].x < points[l].x)
l = i;
// Start from leftmost point, keep moving counterclockwise until reach the start point again
int p = l, q;
do
{
// Search for a point 'q' such that orientation(p, i, q) is counterclockwise for all points 'i'
q = (p + 1) % n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (orientation(points[p], points[i], points[q]) == 2)
q = i;
next[p] = q; // Add q to result as a next point of p
p = q; // Set p as q for next iteration
}
while (p != l);
// Print Result
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
if (next[i] != -1)
cout << "(" << points[i].x << ", " << points[i].y << ")\n";
}
}
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
Point points[] = { { 0, 3 }, { 2, 2 }, { 1, 1 }, { 2, 1 }, { 3, 0 },
{ 0, 0 }, { 3, 3 } };
cout << "The points in the convex hull are: ";
int n = sizeof(points) / sizeof(points[0]);
convexHull(points, n);
return 0;
}
In the C++ Programming Language, the #define directive allows the definition of macros within your source code. These macro definitions allow constant values to be declared for use throughout your code. Macro definitions are not variables and cannot be changed by your program code like variables. You generally use this syntax when creating constants that represent numbers, strings or expressions. The syntax for creating a constant using #define in the C++ is: #define token value
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A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.
Check whether eofbit is set. Returns true if the eofbit error state flag is set for the stream. This flag is set by all standard input operations when the End-of-File is reached in the sequence associated with the stream. Note that the value returned by this function depends on the last operation performed on the stream (and not on the next). Operations that attempt to read at the End-of-File fail, and thus both the eofbit and the failbit end up set. This function can be used to check whether the failure is due to reaching the End-of-File or to some other reason.
Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, jhon, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in different area or their mother's or father's name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.
In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true then the statements inside while loop execute, this happens repeatedly until the condition returns false. When condition returns false, the control comes out of loop and jumps to the next statement in the program after while loop. The important point to note when using while loop is that we need to use increment or decrement statement inside while loop so that the loop variable gets changed on each iteration, and at some point condition returns false. This way we can end the execution of while loop otherwise the loop would execute indefinitely. A while loop that never stops is said to be the infinite while loop, when we give the condition in such a way so that it never returns false, then the loops becomes infinite and repeats itself indefinitely.
In computer programming, we use the if statement to run a block code only when a certain condition is met. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. There are three forms of if...else statements in C++: • if statement, • if...else statement, • if...else if...else statement, The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ). If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is executed. If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is skipped.
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.
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Enter the array size and array elements, now start finding for the "smallest element" in the array to display the smallest element of the array as shown here in C++ sample program.
