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C++ Programming Code Examples

C++ > Computer Graphics Code Examples

Program to Implement Nearest Neighbour Algorithm

/* Program to Implement Nearest Neighbour Algorithm This is a C++ Program to implement nearest neighbour algorithm to solve TSP. This C++ program implements the Travelling Salesman Problem which computes the minimum cost required to visit all the nodes by traversing across the edges only once. */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<iostream> using namespace std; int c = 0, cost = 999; int graph[4][4] = { { 0, 10, 15, 20 }, { 10, 0, 35, 25 }, { 15, 35, 0, 30 }, { 20, 25, 30, 0 } }; void swap(int *x, int *y) { int temp; temp = *x; *x = *y; *y = temp; } void copy_array(int *a, int n) { int i, sum = 0; for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) { sum += graph[a[i % 4]][a[(i + 1) % 4]]; } if (cost > sum) { cost = sum; } } void permute(int *a, int i, int n) { int j, k; if (i == n) { copy_array(a, n); } else { for (j = i; j <= n; j++) { swap((a + i), (a + j)); permute(a, i + 1, n); swap((a + i), (a + j)); } } } int main() { int i, j; int a[] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 }; permute(a, 0, 3); cout << "minimum cost:" << cost << endl; }

An array is defined as the collection of similar type of data items stored at contiguous memory locations. Arrays are the derived data type in C++ programming language which can store the primitive type of data such as int, char, double, float, etc. It also has the capability to store the collection of derived data types, such as pointers, structure, etc. The array is the simplest data structure where each data element can be randomly accessed by using its index number. C++ array is beneficial if you have to store similar elements. For example, if we want to store the marks of a student in 6 subjects, then we don't need to define different variables for the marks in the different subject. Instead of that, we can define an array which can store the marks in each subject at the contiguous memory locations.

#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.

In computer programming, we use the if statement to run a block code only when a certain condition is met. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. There are three forms of if...else statements in C++: • if statement, • if...else statement, • if...else if...else statement, The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ). If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is executed. If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is skipped.

Consider a situation, when we have two persons with the same name, jhon, in the same class. Whenever we need to differentiate them definitely we would have to use some additional information along with their name, like either the area, if they live in different area or their mother's or father's name, etc. Same situation can arise in your C++ applications. For example, you might be writing some code that has a function called xyz() and there is another library available which is also having same function xyz(). Now the compiler has no way of knowing which version of xyz() function you are referring to within your code.

An array is a collection of data items, all of the same type, accessed using a common name. A one-dimensional array is like a list; A two dimensional array is like a table; The C++ language places no limits on the number of dimensions in an array, though specific implementations may. Some texts refer to one-dimensional arrays as vectors, two-dimensional arrays as matrices, and use the general term arrays when the number of dimensions is unspecified or unimportant. (2D) array in C++ programming is also known as matrix. A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and columns. In C/C++, we can define multi dimensional arrays in simple words as array of arrays. Data in multi dimensional arrays are stored in tabular form (in row major order).

In computer programming, loops are used to repeat a block of code. For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100 you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100 times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration. When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop. A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.

As the name already suggests, these operators help in assigning values to variables. These operators help us in allocating a particular value to the operands. The main simple assignment operator is '='. We have to be sure that both the left and right sides of the operator must have the same data type. We have different levels of operators. Assignment operators are used to assign the value, variable and function to another variable. Assignment operators in C are some of the C Programming Operator, which are useful to assign the values to the declared variables. Let's discuss the various types of the assignment operators such as =, +=, -=, /=, *= and %=. The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language:

Internal method to test if a positive number is prime. Not efficient algorithm. Using Internal method to return a prime number at least as large as n. Assumes "n > 0". Insert item x into



Construct "Binary Search" tree for "unsorted" data array. For the 'Maximum element' move the pointer to the rightmost child node. This value will be the minimum value among data.




A "Recursive Function" to print 'DFS' starting from v. Returns reverse ('or transpose') of this graph. Add edge to connect v and w. Check if Graph is Connected and display 'The Graph is