C++ Programming Code Examples
C++ > File Operations Code Examples
Another Program for File Handling in C++
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/* Another Program for File Handling in C++ */
#include <iostream>
#include<fstream.h>
void main() {
char c, fn[10];
cout & lt; & lt;
"Enter the file name....:";
cin & gt; & gt;
fn;
ifstream in (fn);
if (! in ) {
cout & lt; & lt;
"Error! File Does not Exist";
getch();
return;
}
cout & lt; & lt;
endl & lt; & lt;
endl;
while ( in .eof() == 0) { in .get(c);
cout & lt; & lt;
c;
}
}
C++ Files and Streams
In C++ programming we are using the iostream standard library, it provides cin and cout methods for reading from input and writing to output respectively. To read and write from a file we are using the standard C++ library called fstream. Let us see the data types define in fstream library is:
• ofstream: This data type represents the output file stream and is used to create files and to write information to files.
• ifstream: This data type represents the input file stream and is used to read information from files.
• fstream: This data type represents the file stream generally, and has the capabilities of both ofstream and ifstream which means it can create files, write information to files, and read information from files.
To perform file processing in C++, header files <iostream> and <fstream> must be included in your C++ source file.
Opening a File
A file must be opened before you can read from it or write to it. Either ofstream or fstream object may be used to open a file for writing. And ifstream object is used to open a file for reading purpose only. File streams in C++ are basically the libraries that are used in the due course of programming. The programmers generally use the iostream standard library in the C++ programming as it provides the cin and cout methods that are used for reading from the input and writing to the output respectively. In order to read and write from a file, the programmers are generally using the standard C++ library that is known as the fstream.
Following is the standard syntax for open() function, which is a member of fstream, ifstream, and ofstream objects.
void open(const char *filename, ios::openmode mode);
Closing a File
When a C++ program terminates it automatically flushes all the streams, release all the allocated memory and close all the opened files. But it is always a good practice that a programmer should close all the opened files before program termination.
Following is the standard syntax for close() function, which is a member of fstream, ifstream, and ofstream objects.
void close();
Writing to a File
While doing C++ programming, you write information to a file from your program using the stream insertion operator (<<) just as you use that operator to output information to the screen. The only difference is that you use an ofstream or fstream object instead of the cout object.
Reading from a File
You read information from a file into your program using the stream extraction operator (>>) just as you use that operator to input information from the keyboard. The only difference is that you use an ifstream or fstream object instead of the cin object.
'ifstream' data type of 'fstream' library is used to read the files of C++. But before reading, there are several tasks which are performed sequentially like opening the file, reading and closing it. Different data types are used for the specific purpose. We can simply read the information from the file using the operator ( >> ) with the name of the file. We need to use the fstream or ifstream object in C++ in order to read the file. Reading of the file line by line can be done by simply using the while loop along with the function of ifstream 'getline()'.
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/* C++ files and streams */
/* writing to a file and reading from a file in C++ language */
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
char data[100];
// open a file in write mode.
ofstream outfile;
outfile.open("afile.dat");
cout << "Writing to the file" << endl;
cout << "Enter your name: ";
cin.getline(data, 100);
// write inputted data into the file.
outfile << data << endl;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> data;
cin.ignore();
// again write inputted data into the file.
outfile << data << endl;
// close the opened file.
outfile.close();
// open a file in read mode.
ifstream infile;
infile.open("afile.dat");
cout << "Reading from the file" << endl;
infile >> data;
// write the data at the screen.
cout << data << endl;
// again read the data from the file and display it.
infile >> data;
cout << data << endl;
// close the opened file.
infile.close();
return 0;
}
getch() Function in C++
The getch() is a predefined non-standard function that is defined in conio.h header file. It is mostly used by the Dev C/C++, MS- DOS's compilers like Turbo C to hold the screen until the user passes a single value to exit from the console screen. It can also be used to read a single byte character or string from the keyboard and then print. It does not hold any parameters. It has no buffer area to store the input character in a program.
Syntax for getch() Function in C++
#include <conio.h>
int getch(void);
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/* wait for any character input from keyboard by getch() function code example. The getch() function is very useful if you want to read a character input from the keyboard. */
// C code to illustrate working of
// getch() to accept hidden inputs
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10, b=20;
int sum=0;
clrscr();
sum=a+b;
cout<<"Sum: "<<sum;
getch(); // use getch() befor end of main()
}
main() Function in C++
A program shall contain a global function named main, which is the designated start of the program in hosted environment. main() function is the entry point of any C++ program. It is the point at which execution of program is started. When a C++ program is executed, the execution control goes directly to the main() function. Every C++ program have a main() function.
Syntax for main() Function in C++
void main()
{
............
............
}
void
void is a keyword in C++ language, void means nothing, whenever we use void as a function return type then that function nothing return. here main() function no return any value.
main
main is a name of function which is predefined function in C++ library.
In place of void we can also use int return type of main() function, at that time main() return integer type value.
1) It cannot be used anywhere in the program
a) in particular, it cannot be called recursively
b) its address cannot be taken
2) It cannot be predefined and cannot be overloaded: effectively, the name main in the global namespace is reserved for functions (although it can be used to name classes, namespaces, enumerations, and any entity in a non-global namespace, except that a function called "main" cannot be declared with C language linkage in any namespace).
3) It cannot be defined as deleted or (since C++11) declared with C language linkage, constexpr (since C++11), consteval (since C++20), inline, or static.
4) The body of the main function does not need to contain the return statement: if control reaches the end of main without encountering a return statement, the effect is that of executing return 0;.
5) Execution of the return (or the implicit return upon reaching the end of main) is equivalent to first leaving the function normally (which destroys the objects with automatic storage duration) and then calling std::exit with the same argument as the argument of the return. (std::exit then destroys static objects and terminates the program).
6) (since C++14) The return type of the main function cannot be deduced (auto main() {... is not allowed).
7) (since C++20) The main function cannot be a coroutine.
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/* simple code example by main() function in C++ */
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
cout << "Monday";
break;
case 2:
cout << "Tuesday";
break;
case 3:
cout << "Wednesday";
break;
case 4:
cout << "Thursday";
break;
case 5:
cout << "Friday";
break;
case 6:
cout << "Saturday";
break;
case 7:
cout << "Sunday";
break;
}
return 0;
}
#include Directive in C++
#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C/C++ program. This directive is read by the preprocessor and orders it to insert the content of a user-defined or system header file into the following program. These files are mainly imported from an outside source into the current program. The process of importing such files that might be system-defined or user-defined is known as File Inclusion. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to include a file in the source code program.
Syntax for #include Directive in C++
#include "user-defined_file"
#include <header_file>
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/* using #include directive in C language */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
/*
* C standard library printf function
* defined in the stdio.h header file
*/
printf("I love you Clementine");
printf("I love you so much");
printf("HappyCodings");
return 0;
}
Iostream Library get() Function in C++
Get characters. Extracts characters from the stream, as unformatted input. The get() function is used to read a character(at a time) from a file. The classes istream and ostream define two member functions get(), put() respectively to handle the single character input/output operations.
There are two types of get() functions. Both get(char *) and get(void) prototype can be used to fetch a character including the blank space,tab and newline character. The get(char *) version assigns the input character to its argument and the get(void) version returns the input character. Since these functions are members of input/output Stream classes, these must be invoked using appropriate objects.
Syntax for get() Function in C++
#include <iostream>
//single character (1)
int get();
istream& get (char& c);
//c-string (2)
istream& get (char* s, streamsize n);
istream& get (char* s, streamsize n, char delim);
//stream buffer (3)
istream& get (streambuf& sb);
istream& get (streambuf& sb, char delim);
c
The reference to a character where the extracted value is stored.
s
Pointer to an array of characters where extracted characters are stored as a c-string. If the function does not extract any characters (or if the first character extracted is the delimiter character) and n is greater than zero, this is set to an empty c-string.
n
Maximum number of characters to write to s (including the terminating null character). If this is less than 2, the function does not extract any characters and sets failbit. streamsize is a signed integral type.
delim
Explicit delimiting character: The operation of extracting successive characters stops as soon as the next character to extract compares equal to this.
sb
A streambuf object on whose controlled output sequence the characters are copied.
• (1) single character
Extracts a single character from the stream.
The character is either returned (first signature), or set as the value of its argument (second signature).
• (2) c-string
Extracts characters from the stream and stores them in s as a c-string, until either (n-1) characters have been extracted or the delimiting character is encountered: the delimiting character being either the newline character ('\n') or delim (if this argument is specified).
The delimiting character is not extracted from the input sequence if found, and remains there as the next character to be extracted from the stream (see getline for an alternative that does discard the delimiting character).
A null character ('\0') is automatically appended to the written sequence if n is greater than zero, even if an empty string is extracted.
• (3) stream buffer
Extracts characters from the stream and inserts them into the output sequence controlled by the stream buffer object sb, stopping either as soon as such an insertion fails or as soon as the delimiting character is encountered in the input sequence (the delimiting character being either the newline character, '\n', or delim, if this argument is specified).
Only the characters successfully inserted into sb are extracted from the stream: Neither the delimiting character, nor eventually the character that failed to be inserted at sb, are extracted from the input sequence and remain there as the next character to be extracted from the stream.
The function also stops extracting characters if the end-of-file is reached. If this is reached prematurely (before meeting the conditions described above), the function sets the eofbit flag.
Internally, the function accesses the input sequence by first constructing a sentry object (with noskipws set to true). Then (if good), it extracts characters from its associated stream buffer object as if calling its member functions sbumpc or sgetc, and finally destroys the sentry object before returning.
The number of characters successfully read and stored by this function can be accessed by calling member gcount.
The first signature returns the character read, or the end-of-file value (EOF) if no characters are available in the stream (note that in this case, the failbit flag is also set).
All other signatures always return *this. Note that this return value can be checked for the state of the stream (see casting a stream to bool for more info).
Errors are signaled by modifying the internal state flags:
• eofbit The function stopped extracting characters because the input sequence has no more characters available (end-of-file reached).
• failbit Either no characters were written or an empty c-string was stored in s.
• badbit Error on stream (such as when this function catches an exception thrown by an internal operation). When set, the integrity of the stream may have been affected.
Multiple flags may be set by a single operation.
If the operation sets an internal state flag that was registered with member exceptions, the function throws an exception of member type failure.
Data races
Modifies c, sb or the elements in the array pointed by s. Modifies the stream object. Concurrent access to the same stream object may cause data races, except for the standard stream object cin when this is synchronized with stdio (in this case, no data races are initiated, although no guarantees are given on the order in which extracted characters are attributed to threads).
Exception safety
Basic guarantee: if an exception is thrown, the object is in a valid state. It throws an exception of member type failure if the resulting error state flag is not goodbit and member exceptions was set to throw for that state.
Any exception thrown by an internal operation is caught and handled by the function, setting badbit. If badbit was set on the last call to exceptions, the function rethrows the caught exception.
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/* reads a single character from the associated stream by get() function code example. */
/* It is used to fetch a character from the file and continues to do so until the end-of-the file condition is reached. */
//C++ Reading the content to a file using ifstream class and file mode ios::in
#include<iostream>
#include<ifstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//Creating an input stream to read a file
ifstream ifstream_ob;
//Opening a file named File1.txt to read its content
ifstream_ob.open("File1.txt", ios::in);
char ch;
//Reading the file using get() function and displaying its content
while(ifstream_ob)
{
ch = ifstream_ob.get();
cout<<ch;
}
//Closing the input strea
ifstream_ob.close();
return 0;
}
While Loop Statement in C++
In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true then the statements inside while loop execute, this happens repeatedly until the condition returns false. When condition returns false, the control comes out of loop and jumps to the next statement in the program after while loop.
The important point to note when using while loop is that we need to use increment or decrement statement inside while loop so that the loop variable gets changed on each iteration, and at some point condition returns false. This way we can end the execution of while loop otherwise the loop would execute indefinitely. A while loop that never stops is said to be the infinite while loop, when we give the condition in such a way so that it never returns false, then the loops becomes infinite and repeats itself indefinitely.
Syntax for While Loop Statement in C++
while (condition) {
// body of the loop
}
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/* While Loop Statement in C++ language */
// program to find the sum of positive numbers
// if the user enters a negative number, the loop ends
// the negative number entered is not added to the sum
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number;
int sum = 0;
// take input from the user
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
while (number >= 0) {
// add all positive numbers
sum += number;
// take input again if the number is positive
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
}
// display the sum
cout << "\nThe sum is " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
If Else Statement in C++
In computer programming, we use the if statement to run a block code only when a certain condition is met. An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes when the boolean expression is false. There are three forms of if...else statements in C++:
• if statement,
• if...else statement,
• if...else if...else statement,
Syntax for If Statement in C++
if (condition) {
// body of if statement
}
Syntax for If...Else Statement
if (condition) {
// block of code if condition is true
}
else {
// block of code if condition is false
}
Syntax for If...Else...Else If Statement in C++
if (condition1) {
// code block 1
}
else if (condition2){
// code block 2
}
else {
// code block 3
}
Syntax for If Else If Ladder in C++
if (condition)
statement 1;
else if (condition)
statement 2;
.
.
else
statement;
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/* If Else Statement in C++ Language */
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
// local variable declaration:
int a = 100;
// check the boolean condition
if( a < 20 ) {
// if condition is true then print the following
cout << "a is less than 20;" << endl;
} else {
// if condition is false then print the following
cout << "a is not less than 20;" << endl;
}
cout << "value of a is : " << a << endl;
return 0;
}
IOS Library eof() Function in C++
Check whether eofbit is set. Returns true if the eofbit error state flag is set for the stream. This flag is set by all standard input operations when the End-of-File is reached in the sequence associated with the stream.
Note that the value returned by this function depends on the last operation performed on the stream (and not on the next).
Operations that attempt to read at the End-of-File fail, and thus both the eofbit and the failbit end up set. This function can be used to check whether the failure is due to reaching the End-of-File or to some other reason.
Syntax for IOS eof() Function in C++
bool eof() const;
Data races
Accesses the stream object. Concurrent access to the same stream object may cause data races.
Exception safety
Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no changes in the stream.
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/* The eof() method of ios class in C++ is used to check if the stream is has raised any EOF (End Of File) error. It means that this function will check if this stream has its eofbit set. */
// C++ code example to demonstrate the working of eof() function
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main () {
std::ifstream is("example.txt");
char c;
while (is.get(c))
std::cout << c;
if (is.eof())
std::cout << "[EoF reached]\n";
else
std::cout << "[error reading]\n";
is.close();
return 0;
}
This is a C++ Program to implement nearest neighbour algorithm to 'solve TSP'. This C++ program implements the travelling salesman problem which computes the minimum cost
Program takes a Positive integer & Calculates the factorial of the number. First user enter 6 then, Factorial will be equal to '1*2*3*4*5*6' 720. Learn to Find the "Factorial" of a number
Here, we use 'swapping' of the elements with the help of a Variable say temp of same type. That is, on found, start 'Swapping' with temp variable, place the first number in the temp &