C++ Programming Code Examples
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Classes and Objects in C++ Programming Language
Classes and Objects in C++ Language
The main purpose of C++ programming is to add object orientation to the C programming language and classes are the central feature of C++ that supports object-oriented programming and are often called user-defined types.
A class is used to specify the form of an object and it combines data representation and methods for manipulating that data into one neat package. The data and functions within a class are called members of the class.
C++ Class Definitions
When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object.
A class definition starts with the keyword class followed by the class name; and the class body, enclosed by a pair of curly braces. A class definition must be followed either by a semicolon or a list of declarations. For example, we defined the Box data type using the keyword class as follows:
class Box {
public:
double length; // Length of a box
double breadth; // Breadth of a box
double height; // Height of a box
};
Define C++ Objects
A class provides the blueprints for objects, so basically an object is created from a class. We declare objects of a class with exactly the same sort of declaration that we declare variables of basic types. Following statements declare two objects of class Box:
Box Box1; // Declare Box1 of type Box
Box Box2; // Declare Box2 of type Box
Accessing the Data Members
The public data members of objects of a class can be accessed using the direct member access operator (.).
It is important to note that private and protected members can not be accessed directly using direct member access operator (.).
Classes and Objects in Detail
There are further interesting concepts related to C++ Classes and Objects which we will discuss in various sub-sections listed below:
• Class Member Functions: A member function of a class is a function that has its definition or its prototype within the class definition like any other variable.
• Class Access Modifiers: A class member can be defined as public, private or protected. By default members would be assumed as private.
• Constructor & Destructor: A class constructor is a special function in a class that is called when a new object of the class is created. A destructor is also a special function which is called when created object is deleted.
• Copy Constructor: The copy constructor is a constructor which creates an object by initializing it with an object of the same class, which has been created previously.
• Friend Functions: A friend function is permitted full access to private and protected members of a class.
• Inline Functions: With an inline function, the compiler tries to expand the code in the body of the function in place of a call to the function.
• this Pointer: Every object has a special pointer this which points to the object itself.
• Pointer to C++ Classes: A pointer to a class is done exactly the same way a pointer to a structure is. In fact a class is really just a structure with functions in it.
• Static Members of a Class: Both data members and function members of a class can be declared as static.
/* using public and private in C++ Class */
// Program to illustrate the working of
// public and private in C++ Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Room {
private:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;
public:
// function to initialize private variables
void initData(double len, double brth, double hgt) {
length = len;
breadth = brth;
height = hgt;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * breadth;
}
double calculateVolume() {
return length * breadth * height;
}
};
int main() {
// create object of Room class
Room room1;
// pass the values of private variables as arguments
room1.initData(42.5, 30.8, 19.2);
cout << "Area of Room = " << room1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Volume of Room = " << room1.calculateVolume() << endl;
return 0;
}
Program to "shuffle array" using Fisher-Yates algorithm. This algorithm for "generating" a 'Random Permutation' of a finite set-in plain terms, for randomly shuffling the set. Variant
This is a C++ Program to 'knapsack problem' using dynamic programming. The knapsack problem or "rucksack problem" is a problem in combinatorial optimization: given a set of
